In Edwards v. District of Columbia, the D.C. Circuit, per Judge Janice Rogers Brown, found unconstitutional a D.C. law that required tour guides to take a 100-question multiple choice test, and pay a licensing fee. What was most striking about the opinion, was the burden it placed on the government to assert a valid rationale for the law. In the context of the First Amendment, this is the standard course of business. The government must justify a burden on free speech.
Yet, at heart, this case involved an occupational licensing regime that involved people speaking. Most occupational licensing tests are subject only to the feckless rational basis test. Under this regime, the government bears no burden, and the plaintiff must negative every conceivable basis for the law–even those the court creates ex post.
There is an odd symmetry. If an occupational licensing law is viewed as an abridgment of free speech, the government will almost always lose. But, if the occupational licensing law focuses on a calling other than primarily speaking, the government will always win. If this case was framed, not as a Free Speech case, but as an economic liberty case under existing precedents, none of the burden would have been placed on the government. Two occupational licensing regimes, one involving free speech, one arguably not involving free speech, are worlds apart.
This does give some teeth to the theory that the First Amendment can, in some contexts, do what the Supreme Court will not do through the Due Process Clause.
Update: The Washington Post Editorial Board has come out swinging in favor of this ruling:
There is no question that the city has a stake in safeguarding an industry that brings some 15 million tourists to the city every year and is responsible for more than 66,000 jobs. But sightseeing services are already required to get a license to do business in the city. Market forces, including the proliferation of consumer review Web sites such as Yelp and TripAdvisor, provide an incentive for companies to offer good service. The requirement to pass a test not only discouraged competition but also gave rise to a parasite industry that profited from helping people pass, which in turn had no proven connection to the quality of guiding. It would be far better, as the appeals court suggested, for the city to have regulations aimed at unscruplous practices and a voluntary accreditation system for guides interested in being listed as city-approved. A spokesman for the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs told us that officials are examining the ruling but are also looking at the possibility of narrower regulations.
We understand — and appreciate — the value of a well-informed tour guide who is able to transport visitors to a different time. We value even more highly the right to speak without paying $200 for a license.
In any event, Judge Brown’s opinion is well worth reading. Here are some of the highlights.
(more…)