A student whose first name is Madison came to my office hours. She asked for a good case that stands for the proposition that Congress doesn’t add superfluous portions of a statute, and the text must be given it’s plain meaning. Aha, I had just the John Marshall opinion for her.

I turned to my computer, started googling, and replied, “I’m researching Marbury, Madison.” And everything is else is just “mere surplusage.”